Handing Off the Second Half of Nutrition and Health to Dr. Josh Miller
After exam 2 on March 13, 2015, and spring break, I handed off the second half of the class to Dr. Josh Miller, who is chair of the Department of Nutritional Sciences. The reason for doing this is that I needed time to finish a special project that will be announced during the next blog. Therefore, Dr. Miller continued the rest of the class as diagrammed below. I wish to thank the students who took the class this spring. This was one of the best group of students that I remember ever taking Nutrition and Health.
Why is Body Fat so Important? How it keeps us alive in the Middle of the Night, March 2, 2015
Why is the Adipose/Liver-Free Fatty Acid/VLDL Cycle important?
Most people don’t like fat and would like to have as little of it as possible. But in reality, without fat, we would not be able to be free roaming individuals that do not have to be continuously tied to a stable food source.
Another reason to know about fat and this cycle is that fat is a dynamic tissue and we should try to understand it as much as possible. If we can understand how fat works it will give us insights into our selves and how we work. Also, we must understand the delivery of substrates to cells if we are to understand metabolism.
As I discussed in an earlier lecture, there is actually very little carbohydrate stored in our bodies. Even immediately after a large meal, the glycogen in our bodies is fairly limited with about 2000 Kcal of glycogen stored in our muscles and about 500 Kcal stored in the liver. Since most of us expend about 2500 Kcal per day, this stored glycogen would not last very long.
The image below was shown during the carbohydrate lecture.
Since the amount of glucose Kcal in our blood is extremely low, the blood glucose must be constantly refreshed. The liver is the organ that supplies glucose to the blood, where it is probably used primarily by the brain and red blood cells. If the heart used just glucose, the glucose would be used up rapidly.
Therefore, fatty acids are made available for the heart and for other tissues at all times. In fact, the Adipose/Liver-Free Fatty Acid/VLDL Cycle runs all the time and you don’t even know about it. But if it were to stop, you would be in very bad shape. The cycle is shown below and is described below the image:
- The fat is taken as the start of the cycle. There are many depots of fat throughout the body, and certain ones are regulated differently. But we will consider fat as one big depot.
- The triglycerides stored in the fat cell are a relatively nontoxic way to store fatty acids. The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids is tightly controlled and the lipases involved are regulated by insulin, glucagon, and stress hormones. The more hours you are since your last meal, the lower the insulin and the higher the glucagon will be in blood. This situation stimulates the release of free fatty acids that enter the blood and bind to the protein, albumin. Albumin carries the fatty acids throughout the body and makes those fatty acids available for tissues, including muscles, the heart and other tissues such as skin and the digestive system.
- The liver (3) takes up excess free fatty acids so their concentration in blood does not build up too much. The liver cannot store large amounts of fat and therefore it must either oxidize (4) the fatty acids for energy or it must re-synthesize triglyceride molecules. The re-synthesized triglycerides are packaged into Very Low Density Lipoprotein and secreted from the liver in VLDL (5). VLDL travels throughout the blood stream and delivers fatty acids to many of the same tissues (6) that took up free fatty acids from albumin. In fact, the heart muscle cells (7) prefer to take up fatty acids from VLDL. The way this works is that VLDL binds to an enzyme, Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL), which hydrolyzes the triglycerides to individual fatty acids molecules. The fatty acids then diffuse into the tissue. Finally the remnant VLDLs deliver fatty acids back to the fat cells (8) where the fat cells store them as triglyceride. What is especially powerful about the Adipose/Liver-Free Fatty Acid/VLDL Cycle is that there are two separate ways the fatty acids are delivered to cells. Also, the liver protects the body from high concentrations of free fatty acids. The biological role of VLDL is to return fatty acids (in the form of triglycerides) back to the fat (and completing the cycle!).
What are some of the problems with the Adipose/Liver-Free Fatty Acid/VLDL Cycle?
One problem is that some of the VLDL particles are converted, after very complex metabolism, to LDL particles (9) that contain mostly cholesterol.
The other problem is that an over active cycle can lead to high triglycerides in the blood.
One of the key elements in the cycle is Lipoprotein Lipase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes the triglycerides in VLDL. The distribution of LPL throughout the body is very important and its distribution may be responsible for causing the precise body shape of a particular person.
Digestion of Fat, Board Presentation from February 24th
The following images are from the Blackboard from class on February 24th:
Some Interesting Lipids
The Wonderful World of Lipids
The figure below explains why free fatty acids cannot build up to a high concentration in blood. Free fatty acids resemble detergents and therefore they can disrupt membranes of cells if they increase in blood. In fact, this is what happens in Type 2 diabetes.
In addition to triglycerides and phospholipids, there are other important structural lipids such as waxes. Below are two important examples of waxes that each have the common fatty acid, palmitic acid, as a component. First is the main wax from spermaceti, which for several hundred years was the preferred oil for lamps, and therefore, spurred the expansion of whaling industry. The second wax is triacontanyl palmitate, the main wax in beeswax. Note the very long 30-carbon chain that gives beeswax it solid like nature.
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